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標(biāo)題: 小升初英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法常識(shí) [打印本頁(yè)]

作者: wmdjwyx 時(shí)間: 2019-12-7 02:43
標(biāo)題: 小升初英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法常識(shí)

一、名詞

表現(xiàn)某一事物，有具體的和抽象的之分。分為可數(shù)名詞和不成數(shù)名詞。
夸大：不成數(shù)名詞都默以為單數(shù)，所以老是用is或者was；最好不要依據(jù)some、any、a lot of等詞往作判

斷，以免受誤導(dǎo)。

1、可數(shù)名詞若何變“復(fù)數(shù)情勢(shì)”：
a．一般情形下，直接加-s，如：book-books, bag-bags, cat-cats, bed-beds ；讀音３庠皰子音后讀<strike>，濁子音和

元音后讀[z]。
b．以s. x. sh. ch結(jié)尾，加-es，如：bus-buses, box-boxes, brush-brushes, watch-watches ；讀音：[iz]。
c．以“子音字母+y”結(jié)尾，變y為i, 再加-es，如：family-families, strawberry-strawberries ；讀音：[z]。
d．以“f或fe”結(jié)尾，變f或fe為v, 再加-es，如：knife-knives ，thief-thieves；讀音：[z]。
e．以“o”結(jié)尾的詞，分兩種情形

1）有性命的+es 讀音：[z] 如：mango-mangoes tomato-tomatoes hero-heroes

2) 無(wú)性命的+s 讀音：[z] 如：photo-photos radio-radios

f. 不規(guī)矩名詞復(fù)數(shù)： man-men, woman-women, policeman-policemen, policewoman-policewomen,

snowman-snowmen, mouse-mice, child-children, foot-feet, tooth-teeth, fish-fish,

people-people, Chinese-Chinese, Japanese-Japanese
2、不成數(shù)名詞沒(méi)有復(fù)數(shù)。假如要盤算不成數(shù)名詞所表達(dá)的數(shù)目，就得在數(shù)詞和不成數(shù)名詞之間加上“量

詞+of”。例如：a glass of water, a piece of ***, a bottle of juice
判定步調(diào)：
                                                ↗如是am、is或was→本相
讀句子→讀該單詞→熟悉該單詞→懂得意思→看be動(dòng)詞
                                                ↘如是are或were→加s或es
練一練：
1、寫出下列各詞的復(fù)數(shù)。
I _________  him _________  this _______ her ______    watch _______ mango_______child _______ photo ________ diary ______ day________  foot________ dress ________ tooth_______

sheep ______ box_______ strawberry _____ thief _______ engineer______ peach______

sandwich ______ man______ woman_______  leaf_______ people________
2、用所給名詞的┞俘確情勢(shì)填空。
（1）Are there two             ( box ) on the table?
（2）I can see some             ( people ) in the cinema.
（3）How many             ( day ) are there in a week?
（4）Here’re five             ( bottle ) of                ( juice ) for you.
（5）This             ( violin ) is hers. Those             ( grape ) are over there.

二、冠詞

冠詞是一種虛詞，不克不及自力應(yīng)用，凡是放在名詞的前面，分為“不定冠詞”和“定冠詞”兩種。
1、不定冠詞：a、an。用在單數(shù)名詞前，表現(xiàn)“一個(gè)，一件……”。an用在以元音“音素”開首的單詞前。如：

an e-mail, an orange, an old man, an English watch, an hour…
2、定冠詞：the。用在單數(shù)或者復(fù)數(shù)名詞前。the沒(méi)有具體意思，有時(shí)翻譯為這、那。它的基礎(chǔ)用法：
  （1）用來(lái)表現(xiàn)特指某（些）人或某（些）事物。如：The map on the wall is new.
  （2）表現(xiàn)措辭者兩邊都知道的人或事物。如：Look at the picture, please.
  （3）表現(xiàn)再次提到前面談過(guò)的人或事物。如：This is a stamp. The stamp is beautiful.
  （4）用在表現(xiàn)世界上并世無(wú)雙的事物前。如：the sun太陽(yáng)  the moon月亮  the earth地球
  （5）用在由通俗名詞組成的專著名詞前。如：the Great Wall長(zhǎng)城
  （6）用在江河、湖海等專著名詞前。如：the Changjiang River長(zhǎng)江
  （7）此外，序數(shù)詞、形容詞第一流、樂(lè)器名稱檔故前面和一些習(xí)習(xí)用語(yǔ)中一般都用定冠詞the。如：

the first day, the best boy, play the piano, in the same class
斷定用a、an仍是the時(shí)可依據(jù)漢語(yǔ)意思。
練一練：
1、用a或an填空。
      ____ “U”       ____ ice-cream          ____  goalkeeper          ____ teapot          ____apple
   ____office    ____English book       ____umbrella       ____unit             ____hour
2、依據(jù)須要，填寫冠詞a，an或the。
（1）Who is ____girl behind ____tree?
（2） ____old man has two children, ____ son and ____daughter.
（3）This is  ____ orange. ____ orange is Lucy’s.
（4）He likes playing ____guitar. We have ____same hobby.
（5）We all had____good time last Sunday.
（6）She wants to be____doctor.

三，數(shù) 詞

我們學(xué)過(guò)兩類：基數(shù)詞和序數(shù)詞?；鶖?shù)用于表現(xiàn)數(shù)目幾多，而基數(shù)詞用于表現(xiàn)順序，常在日期中呈現(xiàn)。差別：基數(shù)詞前面沒(méi)有“the”；序數(shù)詞前必定要有“the”。
1、跨越二十以上的兩位數(shù)須要在個(gè)位和十位之間加上“-”。如：21  twenty-one
2、三位數(shù)以上的則須要在百位數(shù)后再加上and。如：101  a/one hundred and one
3、用基數(shù)詞來(lái)潤(rùn)飾可數(shù)名詞時(shí)，必定別忘了它的復(fù)數(shù)情勢(shì)。如：十八個(gè)男孩  eighteen boys
4、用基數(shù)詞潤(rùn)飾不成數(shù)名詞時(shí)，如是復(fù)數(shù)，變它的量詞為復(fù)數(shù)。

如：兩碗米飯 two bowls of rice
5、序數(shù)詞一般加“th”，特別的有：first, second, third, fifth, eighth, ninth, twelfth以及二十及二

十以外的┞符十：twentieth, thirtieth, fortieth… “第幾十幾”３庠鳶面整十不變，后面“幾”改為序

數(shù)詞。如：88  eighty-eighth
練一練：
1、請(qǐng)翻譯下列短語(yǔ)。
（1）60論理學(xué)生                            （2）15本英語(yǔ)書
（3）九杯涼水                            （4）4個(gè)孩子
（5）12月31                               （6）6月2日
（7）第九周                               （8）40年前
（9）11+7                                  （10）上學(xué)第一天
2、把下列基數(shù)詞改成序數(shù)詞。
one---                   two---                      three---                   nine---
fourteen---                   twenty---                   thirty-five---                   eighty-one

四、代詞

代詞有兩種：人稱代詞和物主代詞。
1、人稱代詞分為：第一、第二、第三人稱，且有單復(fù)數(shù)之分。
2、人稱代詞的主格在句中做主語(yǔ)，一般用在動(dòng)詞前（疑問(wèn)句除外）；賓格在句中做賓語(yǔ)，多

用于動(dòng)詞、介詞后。
3、形容詞性物主代詞起形容詞的感化，后面必定要跟名詞，表現(xiàn)該名詞是屬于誰(shuí)的。
4、名詞性物主代詞=形容詞性物主代詞+名詞。如：
This is my bag. = This is mine. That is her ruler. = That is hers.
一般看后面有沒(méi)著名詞，若有，就用形容詞性物主代詞；如無(wú)，就用名詞性物主代詞。
請(qǐng)服膺下表：

單數(shù)

復(fù)數(shù)

人稱代詞

主格

you

she

you

they

賓格

you

him

her

you

them

物主代詞

形容詞性

your

his

her

its

our

your

their

名詞性

mine

yours

his

hers

its

ours

yours

theirs

練一練：
1、按請(qǐng)求寫出響應(yīng)人稱代詞。
I（賓格）_______ she（形容詞性物主代詞）_______ we（名詞性物主代詞）_______
he（復(fù)數(shù)）_______ us（單數(shù)）_______ theirs（主格）_______ its（賓格）_______

2、想一想，把下表彌補(bǔ)完全。

人稱代詞

物主代詞

單數(shù)

復(fù)數(shù)

單數(shù)

復(fù)數(shù)

主格

賓格

主格

賓格

形容詞性

名詞性

形容詞性

名詞性

第一人稱

our

第二人稱

you

第三人稱

them

his

their

her

its

3、用所給詞的恰當(dāng)情勢(shì)填空。
1）That is not _________ kite. That kite is very small, but _________ is very big. ( I )
2）The dress is _________. Give it to _________. ( she )
3）Is this _________ watch? ( you ) No, it’s not _________ . ( I )
4）_________ is my brother. ________ name is Jack. Look! Those stamps are _________. ( he )
5）_________ dresses are red. ( we ) What colour are _________? ( you )
6）Show _________ your kite, OK? ( they )
7）I have a beautiful cat. _________name is Mimi. These cakes are _________. ( it )
8）Are these ________ tickets? No, ________ are not _________. ________ aren’t here. ( they )
9）Shall _________ have a look at that classroom? That is _________ classroom. ( we )
10）_________ is my aunt. Do you know _________ job? _________is a nurse. ( she )
11）Where are _________? I can’t find _________. Let’s call _________ parents. ( they )
12）Don’t touch _________. _________is not a cat, _________ is a tiger! ( it )
13）_________ sister is ill. Please go and see _________. ( she )
14）The girl behind _________ is our friend. ( she )

五、形容詞、副詞

1、形容詞表現(xiàn)某一事物某人的特點(diǎn)，副詞表現(xiàn)某一動(dòng)作的特點(diǎn)。形容詞和副詞有三種情勢(shì)：本相、比擬

級(jí)、第一流。比擬級(jí)：+er 第一流：the …+est

兩個(gè)主要特點(diǎn)：as……as中心必定用本相，than的前面必定要+er。
2、形容詞、副詞比擬級(jí)的規(guī)矩變更如下：
（1）一般直接+er。如：tall - taller, fast - faster 單音節(jié)詞假如以-e結(jié)尾，只加-r。如：late - later
（2）重讀閉音節(jié)詞如末尾只有一個(gè)子音字母，須雙寫這個(gè)字母，再加-er。如：big - bigger, fat - fatter
（3）以子音字母加-y結(jié)尾的詞，變y為i，再加-er。如：heavy - heavier, early - earlier
（4）雙音節(jié)和多音節(jié)詞的比擬級(jí)應(yīng)在原級(jí)前加more組成。如：beautiful - more beautiful,
careful - more careful, quietly - more quietly, interesting - more interesting
（5）有些不規(guī)矩變更的，須一一加以記憶。如：good/well – better, bad/ill – worse, many/much – more, far – farther/further, old – older/elder…

練一練：
1、寫出下列形容詞、副詞的比擬級(jí)。
big                   good                long                   tall                   old
short                thin                   heavy                young                fat
light                strong                high                   far                   low
early                late                   well                   fast                   slow

2、用括號(hào)內(nèi)亂所給單詞的恰當(dāng)情勢(shì)填空。
1) I can swim as _______ ( fast ) as the fish, I think.
2) Look! His hands are _______ ( big ) than mine.
3) I think you do these things_______ ( well ) than your classmates.
4) Whose bag is _______ ( heavy ), yours or mine?
5) Does Jim run as _______（slow ) as David? Yes, but Mike runs_______ ( slow ) than them.
6) You have seven books, but I have _______ ( many ) than you. I ha ve ten.
7) I jump _______ ( far ) than some of the boys in my class.
8) I’m very_______ ( thin ), but she’s _______ ( thin ) than me.
9) It gets _______and_______ ( warm ) when spring comes here.

六、介詞

1、一種虛詞。不克不及零丁作句子成分，它只有跟它后面的賓語(yǔ)一路組成介詞短語(yǔ)，才干在句子中起感化。

有：in, on, under, with, behind, about, near, before, after, for, to, up, down, from, in front of, out of,

from…to…, at the back of…
2、表現(xiàn)時(shí)光的介詞有：at, on, in。（1）at表現(xiàn)“在某一個(gè)具體的時(shí)光點(diǎn)上”，或用在固定詞組中。如：at ten

o’clock, at 9:30 a.m., at night, at the weekend…（2）on表現(xiàn)“在某日或某日的時(shí)光段”。如：on Friday, on the

first of October, on Monday morning…（3）in表現(xiàn)“在某一段時(shí)光（月份、季候）里”。如：in the afternoon,

in September, in summer, in 2005…
3、in一詞還有其他的固定搭配，如：in blue（穿戴藍(lán)色的衣服），in English（用英語(yǔ)表達(dá)），take part in（參

加）。

練一練：
1、選用括號(hào)內(nèi)亂適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~填空。
1) What’s this _______ ( at, on, in ) English?
2) Christmas is _______ ( at, on, in ) the 25th of December.
3) The man_______ ( with, on, in ) black is Su Hai’s father.
4) He doesn’t do well  _______ ( at, on, in ) PE.
5) Look at those birds  _______ ( on, in ) the tree.
6) We are going to meet  _______ ( at, on, in ) the bus stop  _______ ( at, on, in ) half past ten.
7) Is there a cat _______ ( under, behind, in ) the door?
8) Helen’s writing *** is  _______ ( in, in front of ) her computer.
9) We live _______ ( at, on, in ) a new house now.
10) Does it often rain _______ ( at, on, in ) spring there?
2、圈出下列句子中應(yīng)用不適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~，并將準(zhǔn)確的謎底寫在橫線上。
1) Jim is good in English and Maths.             2) The films were in the ground just now.
3) They are talking to their plans.             4) How many students have their birthdays on May?
5) Women’s Day is at the third of March.          6) I can jog to school on the morning.
7) Did you water trees at the farm?             8) Can you come and help me on my English?
9) I usually take photos in Sunday morning.    10) What did you do on the Spring Festival?

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